United States

Explore genealogy in the United States

American genealogy is built from many layers of records: federal and state censuses, vital records, immigration files, naturalization, land and probate records, newspapers, church records, military files, court records and community archives. Research often requires moving between federal, state, county and local sources.

Start with place and time.

Identify the state, county, town or community where your ancestor lived, then determine which jurisdiction created the relevant record. U.S. genealogy becomes much easier when you follow the historical jurisdiction rather than relying only on modern geography.

Best starting points

Research by state

State-level research is one of the most important paths in U.S. genealogy. Record availability, dates, jurisdictions and repositories vary significantly from state to state.

Essential U.S. genealogy records

Federal Census

Population censuses from 1790 onward are among the most important nationwide sources for U.S. family history.

Census records →
Historical Record Collections

Search U.S. birth, marriage, death, census, immigration, military and other collections.

Search collections →
Immigration records

Passenger arrivals, border crossings, immigration files and related records can help reconstruct migration.

Immigration research →
Naturalization

Citizenship records may contain names, residences, dates, origins and other family clues.

Naturalization records →
Land & property

Deeds, land entry files, patents and property records can reveal relationships and migration.

Land records →
Court records

Federal and local court records can provide unexpected evidence about families and communities.

Court research →
Military records

Service records, pensions, draft registrations and unit records cover many generations.

Military records →
Veterans

Explore military service and veterans-related records for American ancestors.

Veterans resources →
Vital records

Birth, marriage and death records are generally handled at state and local levels.

Vital records →
Probate

Wills, estates and probate files can identify spouses, children, heirs and property.

Probate research →
Local histories

Town histories, family histories and local publications can provide context that official records miss.

Library of Congress →
Newspapers

Historical newspapers can reveal marriages, deaths, migration, businesses, obituaries and community events.

Chronicling America →

U.S. census research

Research tip: U.S. census records are released under a 72-year rule. The National Archives currently provides public historical census material through 1950.

Immigration & migration

Military & war records

African American genealogy

American Indian & Alaska Native ancestry

Important distinction: Tribal identity, historical affiliation and modern tribal enrollment are not necessarily the same thing. Genealogical research may require federal, tribal, agency, school, census, land and other historical records.

Asian American & Pacific Islander genealogy

Hispanic & Latino genealogy

Jewish American genealogy

Newspapers, obituaries & local history

Archives & libraries

Major genealogy platforms

DNA genealogy in the United States

DNA can help identify biological relationships, confirm or challenge documentary hypotheses and connect researchers across geographic and historical boundaries. The strongest research usually combines DNA evidence with documentary genealogy.

Specialized U.S. genealogy

Research by historical period

Federal → state → county → local

Federal records

National Archives, federal census, military, immigration, naturalization, land, court and Native American records.

State records

State archives and state agencies may hold vital records, state censuses, military records, prison records, court records and other material.

County records

County courthouses and local repositories may contain deeds, probate, tax, court, marriage and other records.

Town, city & community

Local newspapers, churches, cemeteries, directories, schools, historical societies and community archives can provide the missing clues.

Free U.S. genealogy resources

Combine DNA with documentary research

DNA works best as part of a broader genealogy workflow. A match can suggest a relationship, while records help identify the people and generations that connect the two families.

A practical U.S. genealogy workflow

1. Identify the person

Name, approximate birth date, spouse, parents and known locations.

2. Find the place

Determine state, county, township, city or historical jurisdiction.

3. Search census

Build a household timeline and identify relatives and neighbors.

4. Find vital records

Look for birth, marriage and death evidence.

5. Follow migration

Use census, land, directories, newspapers and immigration records.

6. Test the hypothesis

Compare documentary evidence with DNA matches and segment evidence where available.

Essential links

Where should you go next?

If you know the state, continue to the state-specific genealogy page. If you know the community, use the relevant Peoples & Communities path. If you have DNA matches, combine genetic evidence with the documentary records available for the places and generations involved.

DNA Academy - Quick Answers

Our templates are available as downloadable Excel/Google Sheets files (for digital tracking).

A research log helps you track which records you’ve searched, what you found, and what’s still missing. We recommend filling it out as you go, it prevents duplicate searches and helps you identify patterns. Our template includes columns for date, source, location, and findings.

Currently, our templates are in English only. We are exploring translations into Swedish, Spanish, and German based on user requests. If you need a specific language, contact us and we’ll prioritize it.